{"id":2566,"date":"2015-10-31T16:27:59","date_gmt":"2015-10-31T15:27:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/en\/?page_id=2566"},"modified":"2025-01-28T09:54:35","modified_gmt":"2025-01-28T14:54:35","slug":"dropping-out-of-school","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/en\/perseverance-in-montreal\/perseverance-and-dropping-out\/dropping-out-of-school\/","title":{"rendered":"Dropping out of school"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><a href=\"#definition\">Definition<\/a> | <a href=\"#indicator\">Dropout indicator<\/a> | <a href=\"#dropout_rates_montreal\">Dropout rates declining in Montreal<\/a> | <a href=\"#changes_dropout_rate\">Changes in the dropout rate<\/a> | <a href=\"#consequences\">Costs and consequences<\/a> | <a href=\"#classification_of_dropouts\">Classification of dropouts<\/a> |\u00a0<a href=\"#reengaging\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Re-engaging with school<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>*Last updated: January 28, 2025 (partial update)<\/p>\n<h3><a id=\"definition\"><\/a>Definition of dropping out<\/h3>\n<p>Dropping out of school refers to abandoning one\u2019s schooling before getting an initial diploma. This can be a high school diploma (DES), a vocational diploma (DEP), or a qualification (training certificate in a semiskilled trade or prework training certificate).<\/p>\n<p>Students do not drop out of school overnight. Dropping out is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Throughout their schooling, youth are constantly influenced by various factors called &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/en\/take-action\/get-equipped\/determinants\/determinants-school-perseverance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">determinants of school perseverance<\/a>&#8220;. When these factors have a negative influence, they are called risk factors. Risk factors increase the likelihood that a student will struggle at school, which can lead to dropping out. Determinants of school perseverance include motivation and engagement, self-esteem, parental supervision, school climate, and community resources.<\/p>\n<h3><a id=\"indicator\"><\/a>Dropout indicator: rate of students leaving school without a diploma or qualification<\/h3>\n<p>To quantify the dropout rate in Qu\u00e9bec, the minist\u00e8re de l&#8217;\u00c9ducation calculates the rate of school leavers, among students enrolled in youth-sector general education in a given year, who leave without a diploma or qualification. The rate is calculated annually.<\/p>\n<p>A dropout, also called an \u201cearly school leaver,\u201d is a student who was enrolled in Secondary 1 to 5 of Qu\u00e9bec\u2019s youth-sector general education program as of September 30 of a given year but who cannot be found in any general education youth-sector teaching establishment, adult-sector program, or vocational program in Qu\u00e9bec during a follow-up almost two years later.<\/p>\n<p>Rate of early school leavers <strong>=<\/strong> students leaving school without a diploma or qualification <strong>\/<\/strong> All high school leavers enrolled in youth-sector general education<\/p>\n<p>Notes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Unless otherwise indicated, the indicator used throughout this site is the public-sector dropout rate, since the government\u2019s graduation rate targets are based on public-sector parameters.<\/li>\n<li>Due to methodological differences, the dropout rate cannot be calculated simply by subtracting the graduation rate from 100%.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For further details and information on the dropout rate, please <a href=\"http:\/\/www.education.gouv.qc.ca\/references\/publications\/resultats-de-la-recherche\/detail\/article\/taux-de-decrochage-annuel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visit the government&#8217;s website<\/a>. (French only)<\/p>\n<h3><a id=\"dropout_rates_montreal\"><\/a>Dropout rates declining in Montreal<\/h3>\n<p>For several years, the dropout rate has been declining in Montreal. At 24.6% in 2009, it dropped to 19.3% in 2022. Taking a closer look at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/en\/perseverance-in-montreal\/montreal-s-context\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Montreal\u2019s specific context<\/a> helps to better understand these figures.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><a id=\"changes_dropout_rate\"><\/a>Changes in dropout rates<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RRM_Infographiques-decrochage_2025_1EN.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-18271\" src=\"http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RRM_Infographiques-decrochage_2025_1EN-1024x689.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RRM_Infographiques-decrochage_2025_1EN-1024x689.png 1024w, http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RRM_Infographiques-decrochage_2025_1EN-300x202.png 300w, http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RRM_Infographiques-decrochage_2025_1EN-768x517.png 768w, http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RRM_Infographiques-decrochage_2025_1EN-1536x1034.png 1536w, http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RRM_Infographiques-decrochage_2025_1EN.png 1894w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RRM_Infographiques-decrochage_2025_2EN.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-large wp-image-18275\" src=\"http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RRM_Infographiques-decrochage_2025_2EN-1024x593.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RRM_Infographiques-decrochage_2025_2EN-1024x593.png 1024w, http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RRM_Infographiques-decrochage_2025_2EN-300x174.png 300w, http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RRM_Infographiques-decrochage_2025_2EN-768x444.png 768w, http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RRM_Infographiques-decrochage_2025_2EN-1536x889.png 1536w, http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/RRM_Infographiques-decrochage_2025_2EN-2048x1185.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10px;\">(Source: minist\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00c9ducation, Taux de sorties sans dipl\u00f4me ni qualification au secondaire, data from November 2010 and August 2023)<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><a id=\"consequences\" style=\"font-family: Bitter, Georgia, serif; font-size: 22px;\"><\/a>Dropping out: costs and consequences<\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #5dae46;\">The consequences of dropping out, by the numbers<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #5dae46;\">An update to the costs of dropping out paints a portrait of the significant social and economic consequences of leaving school for both the individual and society as a whole.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/RRM_Cout-decrochage-scolaire-2019_EN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">View the infographic<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Dropping out has considerable repercussions on both the person who drops out and the community as a whole. According to the 2019 study <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccmm.ca\/fr\/publications\/etude\/perseverance-scolaire-et-conciliation-etudes-travail---une-piste-de-solution-a-la-penurie-de-main-d-oeuvre\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pers\u00e9v\u00e9rance scolaire et conciliation \u00e9tudes-travail : une piste de solution \u00e0 la p\u00e9nurie de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre<\/a>, \u201c\u2026students dropping out of Montr\u00e9al\u2019s public school system in the 2019\u20132020 school year alone will earn <strong>$261.7 million<\/strong> less over the course of their working lives. For the government, this represents <strong>$72.0 million<\/strong> in lost tax revenues from secondary 5 dropouts in these school boards. The impact on Montr\u00e9al\u2019s economy is nearly<strong> $600 million<\/strong>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, compared to high school graduates, dropouts are less civically engaged. For instance, they vote less, do less volunteer work, and make fewer donations of blood.<\/p>\n<p>Dropping out also hurts the drop-outs on a personal level. People lacking high school diplomas have lower annual incomes and higher unemployment rates, are more likely to suffer from depression, and have shorter life expectancies than high school graduates (<a style=\"color: #ea9629; outline: 0px;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/en\/savoir-pour-pouvoir-entreprendre-un-chantier-national-pour-la-perseverance-scolaire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Savoir pour Pouvoir [2009]<\/a>).<\/p>\n<h6>A weaker economy<\/h6>\n<p><span style=\"color: #5dae46;\"><strong>Higher numbers of unemployed<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>30%<\/strong> of dropouts do not join the workforce.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #5dae46;\"><strong>Increased social assistance costs<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nOver <strong>2\/3<\/strong> of social assistance program recipients are dropouts. Social assistance payments in 2018\u20132019 totaled approximately <strong>$3 billion<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #5dae46;\">Significant tax losses<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nGovernment tax shortfall: <strong>$72 million*<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #5dae46;\"><strong>Lower economic growth<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe dropout problem costs the Montreal economy <strong>$593 million*<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>*Costs calculated for the entire working lives of dropouts projected for 2019\u20132020 in the 5 school boards on the Island of Montreal.<\/em><\/p>\n<h6>Increased healthcare costs<\/h6>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #5dae46;\">Dropouts\u2026<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n&#8211; Are more likely to suffer from health problems.<br \/>\n&#8211; Have a lower life expectancy.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/life_expectancy-300.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-9324\" src=\"https:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/life_expectancy-300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"86\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6>Higher costs associated with crime<\/h6>\n<p><strong>62%<\/strong> of people who pass through the prison system are dropouts.<br \/>\nEach inmate costs <strong>$251<\/strong> per day.<\/p>\n<h6>Greater inequality<\/h6>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #5dae46;\">Between the better and less well-off<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nA dropout\u2019s average employment income is <strong>31%<\/strong> lower than that of a high school graduate.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Did you know ?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The costs of not graduating are even higher for Montreal dropouts.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/income_300.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-9326\" src=\"https:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/income_300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"206\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Earning a high school diploma leads to increased income* totalling:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>$492,500<\/strong> for <strong>women<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>$432,300<\/strong> for <strong>men <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>*Increase over one\u2019s entire working life.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #5dae46;\">Between men and women<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Female dropouts<\/strong> are more severely affected by insecurity and poverty:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fewer have jobs than male dropouts (difference of 21.8%).<\/li>\n<li>Their salaries are lower than those of male dropouts (difference of 21.3%).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/RRM_Cout-decrochage-scolaire-2019_EN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-9337\" src=\"https:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/cover_etude_en-200-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"122\" height=\"200\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/RRM_Cout-decrochage-scolaire-2019_EN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Download the complete infographic<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><a id=\"classification_of_dropouts\"><\/a>Dropouts, who are they?<\/h3>\n<p>Dropouts present a wide range of characteristics. Janosz et al. (2006) have classified them into four distinct types: quiet, maladjusted, disengaged, and low-achiever.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quiet \u2013 40% of dropouts<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tend to come from socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods<\/li>\n<li>Like school<\/li>\n<li>Say they are engaged with their education<\/li>\n<li>Present no behavioural problems<\/li>\n<li>Grades are nevertheless low<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Maladjusted \u2013 40% of dropouts<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Present behavioural problems<\/li>\n<li>Also tend to fail at school<\/li>\n<li>Problems present in several areas of their lives (school, family, and social)<\/li>\n<li>Have troubled family environments<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Disengaged \u2013 10% of dropouts<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Say they are disengaged with school, school does not make sense to them<\/li>\n<li>Have some behavioural problems<\/li>\n<li>Have average grades<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Low-achievers \u2013 10% of dropouts<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Very poor grades; tend to fail or repeat grades<\/li>\n<li>This affects their motivation at school<\/li>\n<li>Present no or few behavioural problems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><a id=\"reengaging\"><\/a>Re-engaging with school<\/h3>\n<p>Re-engaging with school is an important factor in Qu\u00e9bec\u2019s graduation rate. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/eng\/survey\/household\/4435\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Youth in Transition Survey<\/a> estimates that 65% of the young people who leave school without a diploma eventually return to finish high school.<\/p>\n<p><em>The labour shortage can jeopardize efforts to return to school<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The increasingly observed decline in enrollment in general adult education and vocational training may be due to the current labour shortage, which makes it easier to find well-paying jobs that require little or no qualification.<\/p>\n<p>It is likely that easier access to the job market turns young people who would otherwise have eventually returned to school into permanent dropouts.<\/p>\n<p><em>The costs of reduced re-engagement with school<\/em><\/p>\n<p>It is estimated that a 20% reduction in re-engagement with school will considerably increase the costs associated with dropping out in Montreal, bringing the amount of lost income for dropouts to <strong>$350 million<\/strong> and the tax revenue shortfall for the government to <strong>$92.8 million<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Definition | Dropout indicator | Dropout rates declining in Montreal | Changes in the dropout rate | Costs and consequences | Classification of dropouts |\u00a0Re-engaging with school *Last updated: January 28, 2025 (partial update) Definition of dropping out Dropping out of school refers to abandoning one\u2019s schooling before getting an initial diploma. This can be &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/en\/perseverance-in-montreal\/perseverance-and-dropping-out\/dropping-out-of-school\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Dropping out of school<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":2560,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"class_list":["post-2566","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Dropping out of school - R\u00e9seau r\u00e9ussite Montr\u00e9al<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reseaureussitemontreal.ca\/en\/perseverance-in-montreal\/perseverance-and-dropping-out\/dropping-out-of-school\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dropping out of school - R\u00e9seau r\u00e9ussite Montr\u00e9al\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Definition | Dropout indicator | Dropout rates declining in Montreal | Changes in the dropout rate | Costs and consequences | Classification of dropouts |\u00a0Re-engaging with school *Last updated: January 28, 2025 (partial update) Definition of dropping out Dropping out of school refers to abandoning one\u2019s schooling before getting an initial diploma. 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